Development of chitosan/β-glycerophosphate/glycerol hydrogel as a thermosensitive coupling agent

This work develops a dual-function thermosensitive hydrogel to prevent overheating, a side effect of focused ultrasound therapy. The proposed hydrogel has the components of chitosan, β-glycerophosphate, and glycerol. Its thermosensitive sol-to-gel transition gives an instant signal of overheating without the need of any awkward sensing device. Impacts of varying component concentrations on the sol-to-gel temperature, rate, and degree of transparency are also investigated. Chemical structures and ultrasonic coefficients after heating are obtained with a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultrasonic measurement, respectively. Optimized formula of the proposed hydrogel is 0.5% chitosan, 5% β-glycerophosphate, and 25% glycerol. This hydrogel has a high acoustic impedance (Z = 1.8 Mrayl) close to that of human skin, high ultrasonic transmission (T = 99%, which is normalized to water) from 25 to 55 °C, and low attenuation coefficient (α = 4.0 Np/m). These properties assure the success of dual functions of the hydrogel developed in this work.