Comparative analysis of newborn and adult Bothrops jararaca snake venoms

Different clinical manifestations have been reported to occur in patients bitten by newborn and adult Bothrops jararaca snakes. Herein, we studied the chemical composition and biological activities of B. jararaca venoms and their immunoneutralization by commercial antivenin at these ontogenetic stages. Important differences in protein profiles were noticed both in SDS-PAGE and two-dimensional electrophoresis. Newborn venom showed lower proteolytic activity on collagen and fibrinogen, diminished hemorrhagic activity in mouse skin and hind paws, and lower edematogenic, ADPase and 5′-nucleotidase activities. However, newborn snake venom showed higher l-amino oxidase, hyaluronidase, platelet aggregating, procoagulant and protein C activating activities. The adult venom is more lethal to mice than the newborn venom. In vitro and in vivo immunoneutralization tests showed that commercial Bothrops sp antivenin is less effective at neutralizing newborn venoms. These findings indicate remarkable differences in biological activities of B. jararaca venom over its development. We suggest that not only venom from adult specimens, but also from specimens at other ontogenetic stages should be included in the venom pool used for raising antibodies. Thus, Bothrops antivenin can efficaciously neutralize proteins lacking in the adult venom pool, especially those that promote more intense hemostatic disturbances in victims of newborn snakes.