Cytological diagnosis of endometritis in the mare: Investigations of sampling techniques and relation to bacteriological results

Aim of this study was to compare uterine smears made using the Knudsen catheter, the cytology brush and a uterine culture swab with regard to diagnostic usefulness and the occurrence of neutrophils. Additionally correlation between culture results and the occurrence of neutrophils in uterine smears was investigated. Samples were collected from 340 mares, 81.5% of which were in estrus. Smears made using the cytology brush yielded more endometrial cells per high-power field than those made using the other two instruments (p < 0.0001), and a larger proportion had PMNs compared with smears made using the uterine swab (p < 0.0001). For smears made with the cytology brush, cultures of β-hemolytic streptococci were more often (p = 0.002) accompanied by PMNs than cultures of bacteria other than β-hemolytic streptococci, and there was a positive correlation (rs = 0.2 p = 0.01) between the number of PMNs in smears and the number of colonies of β-hemolytic streptococci. The cytology brush was superior to the other methods because it generated a larger proportion of diagnostic useful smears and the occurrence of PMNs in smears was significantly correlated with the occurrence of cultures of β-hemolytic streptococci.