Identifying critical factors affecting the effectiveness and efficiency of tendering processes in Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs): A comparative analysis of Australia and China

• We identified 14 critical factors affecting PPP tendering processes.
• We conducted 15 interviews and received 57 questionnaires in Australia and China.
• Clarity and responsiveness of governance structures ranked top 3 in both countries.
• Availability of sufficient project pipelines is most important in Australia.
• Involvement of public officials and leadership is most critical in China.

The success of Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) largely depends on the performance of tendering processes. This research aims to conduct a comparative analysis of critical factors affecting the effectiveness and efficiency of PPP tendering in Australia and China. A triangulation of literature review, semi-structured interviews and questionnaire survey was used. The research identified 14 critical factors underpinning the implementation of PPP tendering, under 7 dimensions: (1) Robustness of business case development; (2) Quality of project brief; (3) Public sector capacity; (4) Governance structures; (5) Effectiveness of communication; (6) Balance between streamlining and competition; and (7) Level of transparency of tendering processes. The following analysis suggested that there are statistically significant differences in eight factors between the two countries. By adopting the recommended strategies, both public and private entities engaging in PPP projects will be at a better position to structure and manage the tendering processes.