Early studies of placental ultrastructure by electron microscopy

• The earliest studies of placental ultrastructure date to the 1950's.
• The pioneers included Dempsey, Dixon Boyd, Björkman and Wimsatt.
• Despite modest technical quality, gave important insights into the placental barrier of humans and other mammals.

BackgroundTransmission electron microscopy (TEM) was first applied to study placental ultrastructure in the 1950's. We review those early studies and mention the scientists that employed or encouraged the use of TEM.FindingsAmong the pioneers Edward W. Dempsey was a key figure who attracted many other scientists to Washington University in St. Louis. Work on human placental ultrastructure was initiated at Cambridge and Kyoto whilst domestic animals were initially studied by Björkman in Stockholm and electron micrographs of bat placenta were published by Wimsatt of Cornell University.ConclusionsPrior to the introduction of better fixation techniques, TEM images were of modest technical quality. Nevertheless they gave important insights into placental ultrastructure, particularly the nature of the maternal-fetal interface.