Comparison of toxicity effects of ropivacaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine on rabbit intervertebral disc cells in vitro

Background contextIt has been shown that bupivacaine, the most commonly used local anesthetic to relieve or control pain in interventional spine procedures, is cytotoxic to intervertebral disc (IVD) cells in vitro. However, some other common local anesthetics, such as ropivacaine and lidocaine, are also frequently used in the treatment of spine-related pain, and the potential effects of these agents remain unclear.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of various local anesthetics on rabbit IVD cells in vitro and further compare the cytotoxicity of ropivacaine, bupivacaine, lidocaine, and saline solution control.Study designControlled laboratory study.SubjectsRabbit annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) cells were isolated from Japanese white rabbits.MethodsBoth AF and NP cells at the second generation maintained in monolayer were exposed to various concentrations of local anesthetics (eg, bupivacaine) or different durations of exposure and evaluated for cell viability by use of cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8). In addition, to compare the cytotoxicity of ropivacaine, bupivacaine, lidocaine, and saline solution control in commercial concentration, the viability was analyzed by flow cytometry after 60-minute exposure, and the morphologic changes were observed by the phase-contrast microscopy. Apoptosis and necrosis of IVD cells were confirmed by using fluorescence microscopy with double staining of Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide.ResultsRabbit IVD cell death demonstrated a time and dose dependence in response to bupivacaine and lidocaine. However, ropivacaine only exerted a significant time-dependent effect on IVD cells. There was no significant difference in IVD viability after treatment with different doses of ropivacaine. In addition, the results showed that lidocaine was the most toxic of the three local anesthetics and that ropivacaine presented less cytotoxicity than lidocaine and bupivacaine. Fluorescence microscopy also confirmed that the short-term toxic effect of local anesthetics on both AF and NP cells was mainly caused by necrosis rather than apoptosis.ConclusionsResults show that bupivacaine and lidocaine decrease cell viability in rabbit IVD cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. All local anesthetics should be avoided if at all possible. Ropivacaine may be a choice if necessary, but it is also toxic. The increase in cell death is more related with cell necrosis rather than cell apoptosis. If these results can be corroborated in tissue explant models or animal studies, caution regarding diagnosing, treating, and controlling spine-related pain with local anesthetics is prompted.