Modeling the relationship between ground surface settlements induced by shield tunneling and the operational and geological parameters based on the hybrid PCA/ANFIS method

Secondly, to take into account the effect of geology on the settlements, 5 parameters representing the thicknesses of categories of soil were added as input variables. Then, a model ANFIS using the significant principal components as inputs is developed and validated. The results indicate a high correlation between predicted and measured settlements despite the low amount of data used in the analysis. In addition, the model is able to predict Gaussian troughs for the representative groups identified by the AHC. The results show that the shape of the predicted settlement troughs could be explained by the TBM parameters and soil profiles that characterize each group.