Weighted affordance-based agent modeling and simulation in emergency evacuation

This paper presents an agent-based human behavioral modeling framework to analyze probable human actions, in emergency situations, considering both physical and psychological dimensions, in emergency situations. Human's prospective controls suggest that the environment can offer certain physical and psychological conditions to opt for a finite number of feasible human actions that lead to desired system states. A set of possible human actions is then generated and updated from the affordance-effectivity duals in a spatial-temporal dimension. In this paper, a reward and cost-based dynamic affordance-based agent model is built upon physical and psychological constraints that are inserted for the agents' decision-making processes. The model employs Markov Decision Process (MDP), and NASA-TLX (Task Load Index) is used as cost and reward estimates. The action selection process of human agents, i.e., triggering of state transitions, is stochastically modeled in accordance with the action-state cost (load) values. A series of affordance-based numerical values are calculated for predicting prospective actions in the system. Finally, an evacuation simulation example based on the proposed model is illustrated to verify the proposed human behavioral modeling framework.