Methylphenidate disintegration from oral formulations for intravenous use by experienced substance users

- Non-users disintegrated a similar amount of methylphenidate (MPH) as intravenous (i.v.) users.
- It is more time consuming to manipulate MPH osmotic-release preparations.
- I.v. users disintegrated less MPH from osmotic-release preparations.
- Osmotic-release MPH has higher viscosity than other preparations.

Background and aimsMethylphenidate (MPH) is a prescription stimulant used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. MPH is currently the preferred substance among most intravenous (i.v.) substance users in Iceland. Four types of MPH preparations were available in Iceland at the time of study: Immediate-release (IR), sustained-release (SR), osmotic controlled-release oral delivery (OROS) tablet and osmotic-controlled release (OCR). MPH OROS has previously been rated the least desirable by i.v. users and we hypothesized that this was associated with difficulty of disintegrating MPH from OROS formulation. The aim of the study was to measure the amount of MPH and the viscosity of the disintegrated solutions that were made from the four MPH formulations by four i.v.-users and non-users.MethodsA convenience sample of four i.v. substance users and 12 non-users. Non-users imitated the methods applied by experienced i.v. substance users for disintegrated MPH formulations.ResultsBoth groups managed to disintegrate over 50% of MPH from IR and SR formulations but only 20% from OROS (p < 0.0001). The viscosity of the disintegrated MPH was significantly higher for MPH OROS and MPH OCR and the preparation was significantly more time-consuming than for the other MPH samples. No differences were observed between users and non-users.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first investigation of viscosity and the amount of disintegrated MPH from prescription drugs for i.v. use. The results indicate that the ease of disintegration, amount of MPH and viscosity may explain the difference in popularity for i.v. use between different MPH formulations.