Comprehensive utilization of shrimp waste based on biotechnological methods: A review

Shrimp has constituted a major part of crustacean consumption in recent years. Solid wastes, including the head, shell, and tail portions, accumulate owing to shrimp processing. The accumulated biowastes without appropriate utilization have resulted in a squander of sources and problems of waste disposal and environmental pollution. Proper shrimp waste processing is an approach to recover biomaterials such as chitin, protein, lipids, astaxanthin, flavor compounds, and calcium carbonate. These active components have large-scale applications in biology as well as in food, pharmaceutical, agricultural, cosmetic, pulp, and textile industries. Traditionally, methods applied for the utilization of shrimp waste are chemical procedures using corrosive or hazardous reagents (such as HCl and NaOH), which are known to cause environmental pollution and resource wastage (or incomprehensive utilization) and increase the associated costs. However, new environment-friendly and clean technologies are emerging. In this review, we briefly analyze the bioactive compounds recovered from shrimp waste. A concise overview of the comprehensive utilization of shrimp waste in recent years has been included. Biotechnological methods such as biocatalysis and biotransformation with enzymes and microorganisms have also been described. The rapid development of corresponding biotechnology enables a simple, fast, effective, clean, economic, and controllable bioprocess for the comprehensive utilization of crustacean waste.