Phospho-specific antibodies targeting the amino terminus of the human dopamine transporter

The dopamine transporter (DAT), which mediates the inactivation of released dopamine through its reuptake, is the primary molecular target for the actions of psychostimulants. An increasing number of studies support an essential role for phosphorylation of serines (Ser) in the distal amino (N) terminus of DAT in regulating its function. Still, the molecular details of the regulation of phosphorylation and its impact on function are not fully understood. To address this, we have developed and characterized two distinct phospho-antibodies that recognize human DAT when it is phosphorylated at Ser7 or Ser12. Our data show that treatment of cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), amphetamine (AMPH) or okadaic acid (OA) leads to an increase in the phosphorylation of DAT at both residues and that these responses are dependent on the activity of protein kinase C. We also show that AMPH-induced and OA-induced phosphorylation of DAT are dependent on Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase α. Our data further suggest that the lipid raft localization of DAT is necessary for efficient N-terminal phosphorylation and for the associated behavioral effects of AMPH, demonstrating the potential of these novel antibodies as powerful tools to study DAT regulation and function in vivo.