Lower cognitive performance among long-term type 1 diabetes survivors: A case-control study

ObjectivePatients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction. The cognitive decrement is believed to depend on macro- and microvascular complications and long disease duration. Some patients do not develop these complications, but still report cognitive symptoms. We examined if long-standing T1D without complications is associated with lower cognitive performance.MethodsA group of patients (n = 43) with long-standing T1D (> 30 years) without micro- or macro vascular complications was compared with a non-diabetic control group (n = 86) on six cognitive tests which probed episodic memory, semantic memory, episodic short-term memory, visual attention and psychomotor speed. Each patient was matched with two controls regarding age, gender and education. A linear mixed effect model was used to analyze the data.ResultsThe mean age was 57 years and mean duration was 41 years. Patients with diabetes had lower diastolic blood pressure but BMI, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure and smoking did not differ between groups. Patients had lower results than non-diabetic controls in episodic short-term memory (p < 0.001) and also lower values on a test that mirrors visual attention and psychomotor speed (p = 0.019).ConclusionsLong-standing T1D was associated with lower cognitive performance, regardless of other diabetes-related complications.