Clonidine restores vascular endothelial growth factor expression and improves tissue repair following severe trauma

BackgroundWe hypothesized that clonidine and propranolol would increase VEGF and VEGF-receptor expression and promote lung healing following severe trauma and chronic stress.MethodsSprague-Dawley rats were subjected to lung contusion (LC), lung contusion/hemorrhagic shock (LCHS), or lung contusion/hemorrhagic shock/daily restraint stress (LCHS/CS). Clonidine and propranolol were administered daily. On day seven, lung VEGF, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and HMGB1 were assessed by PCR. Lung injury was assessed by light microscopy (*p < 0.05).ResultsClonidine increased VEGF expression following LCHS (43%*) and LCHS/CS (46%*). Clonidine increased VEGFR-1 and R-2 expression following LCHS/CS (203%* and 47%*, respectively). Clonidine decreased HMGB1 and TNF-alpha expression following LCHS/CS (22%* and 58%*, respectively.) Clonidine decreased inflammatory cell infiltration and total Lung Injury Score following LCHS/CS. Propranolol minimally affected VEGF and did not improve lung healing.ConclusionsClonidine increased VEGF and VEGF-receptor expression, decreased HMGB1 expression, decreased lung inflammation, and improved lung tissue repair.