In vitro anti-influenza A activity of interferon (IFN)-λ1 combined with IFN-β or oseltamivir carboxylate

- IFN-β exhibited superior antiviral activity compared to IFN-λ1 against influenza A viruses in A549 and Calu-3 cells.
- IFN-β and IFN-λ1 interacted in an additive manner to inhibit cell-associated virus yield of influenza A viruses in vitro.
- The combination of IFN-β plus IFN-λ1 was more effective at inducing expression of IFN-stimulated genes than either IFN alone.
- Strong synergistic interactions between oseltamivir carboxylate and IFN-λ1 were observed in human epithelial cells.

Influenza viruses, which can cross species barriers and adapt to new hosts, pose a constant potential threat to human health. The influenza pandemic of 2009 highlighted the rapidity with which an influenza virus can spread worldwide. Currently available antivirals have a number of limitations against influenza, and novel antiviral strategies, including novel drugs and drug combinations, are urgently needed. Here, we evaluated the in vitro effects of interferon (IFN)-β, IFN-λ1, oseltamivir carboxylate (a neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor), and combinations of these agents against two seasonal (i.e., H1N1 and H3N2) influenza A viruses. We observed that A/California/04/09 (H1N1) and A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2) isolates were equally sensitive to the antiviral activity of IFN-β and oseltamivir carboxylate in A549 and Calu-3 cells. In contrast, IFN-λ1 exhibited substantially lower protective potential against the H1N1 strain (64-1030-fold ↓, P < 0.05), and was ineffective against H3N2 virus in both cell lines. Three dimensional analysis of drug-drug interactions revealed that IFN-λ1 interacted with IFN-β and oseltamivir carboxylate in an additive or synergistic manner, respectively, to inhibit influenza A virus replication in human airway epithelial cells. Overall, the present study demonstrated that anti-influenza agents with different mechanisms of action (e.g., a NA inhibitor combined with IFN-λ1) exerted a significantly greater (P < 0.05) synergistic effect compared to co-treatment with drugs that target the same signaling pathway (i.e., IFN-β plus IFN-λ1) in vitro. Our findings provide support for the combined use of interferon plus oseltamivir as a potential means for treating influenza infections.