Hydrogen sulfide inhibits ATP-induced neuroinflammation and Aβ1-42 synthesis by suppressing the activation of STAT3 and cathepsin S

Neuroinflammation and excessive β-amyloid1-42 (Aβ1-42) generation contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Emerging evidence has demonstrated that hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous gasotransmitter, produces therapeutic effects in AD; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive. In the present study, we investigated the effects of H2S on exogenous ATP-induced inflammation and Aβ1-42 production in both BV-2 and primary cultured microglial cells and analyzed the potential mechanism(s) mediating these effects. Our results showed that NaHS, an H2S donor, inhibited exogenous ATP-stimulated inflammatory responses as manifested by the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, ROS and activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. Furthermore, NaHS also suppressed the enhanced production of Aβ1-42 induced by exogenous ATP, which is probably due to its inhibitory effect on exogenous ATP-boosted expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and activation of β- and γ-secretase enzymes. Thereafter, we found that exogenous ATP-induced inflammation and Aβ1-42 production requires the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and cathepsin S (Cat S) as inhibition of the activity of either proteins attenuated the effect of exogenous ATP. Intriguingly, NaHS suppressed exogenous ATP-induced phosphorylation of STAT3 and the activation of Cat S. In addition, we observed that NaHS led to the persulfidation of Cat S at cysteine-25. Importantly, mutation of cysteine-25 into serine attenuated the activity of Cat S stimulated by exogenous ATP and subsequent inflammation and Aβ1-42 production, indicating its involvement in H2S-mediated effect. Taken together, our data provide a novel understanding of H2S-mediated effect on neuroinflammation and Aβ1-42 production by suppressing the activation of STAT3 and Cat S.