Scheduling and economic analysis of hybrid solar water heating system based on timer and optimal control

Comparisons between the operation of the HSWH with timer-based control and the optimally controlled HSWH presented a cost saving of 84.39% in the winter and 15.50% during summer period. Annual cost savings of 32.86% were noted. Additionally, the energy usage periods of the system are shifted to low demand regions of residential load profiles, decreasing the strain on the national electricity grid.