Performance monitoring in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic literature review of event-related potential studies

• We reviewed studies investigating performance monitoring ERPs in ASD.
• Internal, external and observational performance monitoring components were distinguished.
• The majority of studies point to reduced internal performance monitoring in ASD.
• Internal performance monitoring (ERN) appears positively related to social skills.
• External performance monitoring of concrete feedback seems to be intact in ASD.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is marked by impairments in social–emotional situations, executive functioning, and behavioral regulation. These symptoms may be related to deficits in performance monitoring, i.e., the ability to observe and evaluate one's own behavior and performance which is necessary for the regulation of future behavior. The present literature review investigated electroencephalic correlates of performance monitoring in ASD. Event-related potentials (ERPs) considered in this review included internal performance monitoring components (error-related negativity, error positivity), external performance monitoring components (feedback-related negativity, feedback-P3), and observational performance monitoring components (observer error-related negativity, observer feedback-related negativity). The majority of studies point to reduced internal performance monitoring in ASD. External performance monitoring in reward-processing paradigms, where rewards are independent of performance, seems to be intact in ASD. So far, no studies have investigated the observer error-related negativity in ASD. Available data on the observer feedback-related negativity are inconclusive, since only two studies with differential study results investigated this construct in ASD. In general, results suggest that individuals with ASD have problems with internal performance monitoring and with learning from external, abstract feedback. In contrast, the processing of external, concrete feedback seems to be largely intact in ASD.