Evaluation of patients' skin, environmental surfaces, and urinary catheters as sources for transmission of urinary pathogens

In hospitalized patients with urinary tract infection or asymptomatic bacteriuria, urinary pathogens frequently contaminate skin, high-touch environmental surfaces, and urinary catheters. Contamination is more common in patients with a urinary catheter in place and with gram-positive pathogens. Patients' skin and environmental surfaces may provide an important source for transmission of urinary pathogens.