Hypoxia-induced Phenotypic Switch of Fibroblasts to Myofibroblasts through a Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-mediated Pathway: Implications for Venous Neointimal Hyperplasia in Hemodialysis Access

Under hypoxic conditions, fibroblasts will convert to myofibroblasts through an MMP-2-mediated pathway, which may provide insight into the mechanism of venous neointimal hyperplasia.