Incidence, Pathophysiology, and Prevention Strategies for Cerebral Venous Complications after Neurologic Surgery: A Systematic Review of the Literature

The unpredictable response of the brain to venous injury causes catastrophic complications in a few patients. To avoid these complications, meticulous venous preservation should be a goal in all neurosurgical procedures. Increased recognition of cerebral venous complications over the last 2 decades has resulted in the increasing recognition among neurosurgeons that venous preservation is an essential tenet of neurosurgery.