Simple method to estimate residual displacement in concrete bridge columns under near-fault earthquake motions

The most direct method to estimate lateral residual displacement under earthquake loading is nonlinear response history analysis, which is time consuming and complicated. A simple method is highly desired to estimate residual displacement. Different simple methods that were based on earthquake and structural characteristics were explored. An empirical method using data from shake table testing of six bridge columns was developed and the results were compared with those from a method developed by the Applied Technology Council and the Japanese code. Compared to other methods, the proposed method was found to provide a more reasonable estimate of residual displacements under moderate and strong earthquakes.