Novel statistical forecasting models for crude oil price, gas price, and interest rate based on meta-heuristic bat algorithm

Error analysis proves that the BA optimized method is superior over all other forecasting methods in terms of highest R2 and lowest RMSE. After the BA optimized method, construction of LSSVM, ARIMA, ANN, and GP has better prediction ability, respectively. The results indicate that the BA optimized method reduces RMSE at least by 6.61% in MOP forecast; by 18.33% in DGP forecast; and by 23.13% in AIR forecast over all other forecasting methods.