Matrix metalloproteinase, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase and transforming growth factor-beta 1 in frozen shoulder, and their changes as response to intensive stretching and supervised neglect exercise

Serum levels of MMP-1, MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and TGF-β1 may be associated to frozen shoulder. Active stretching can improve frozen shoulder better than supervised neglect, as demonstrated by the improvement of Constant score.