Les risques métaboliques associés à la consommation de fructose : évidences établies et hypothèses persistantes

Over the past decades, the daily consumption of fructose has drastically increased, associated with profound changes in our eating habits. The increased use of added sugars in a wide range of industrial products, as well as increased sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, have largely contributed to this phenomenon. In parallel with changes in energy intake, there has been a surge of obesity cases and a significant increase in metabolic disease prevalence. It is now well established that fructose overconsumption plays a role in the genesis of 21st century metabolic diseases, potentially by contributing to excess energy intake and by inducing deleterious metabolic effects in the liver. This scientific evidence has pushed national health agencies to provide nutritional recommendations to reduce the intake of added sugars in order to limit their consumption. The effects of fructose as assessed in the literature are however inherently coupled to subsequent body weight and fat mass gain, which makes it difficult to disentangle specific effects of fructose on metabolic health parameters as compared to other energetic substrates. In this review, we provide an overview of fructose metabolism, and discuss its deleterious effects and causal role in the pathogenesis of obesity.