Biologic Injections in the Treatment of Cartilage Defects

The treatment of articular cartilage defects can be a challenging problem in clinical decision making. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in and utilization of biologically active injections either as an alternative or adjunct to surgical treatment. Additionally, indications for biologic therapies continue to evolve. This chapter provides a broad overview of the current science, techniques, and other considerations associated with injectable biologic treatment options for articular cartilage defects. In turn, platelet-rich plasma, bone marrow aspirate concentrate, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and amniotic membrane-derived tissue will be discussed.