Selecting relevant Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy wavenumbers for clustering authentic and counterfeit drug samples

This paper proposes a novel method for selecting subsets of wavenumbers provided by attenuated total reflectance by Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy able to improve the clustering of medicine samples into two groups; i.e., authentic or fraudulent. For that matter, we apply principal components analysis (PCA) to ATR-FTIR data, and derive two variable importance indices from the PCA parameters. Next, an iterative variable (i.e. wavenumbers) elimination procedure and sample clustering through k-means and Fuzzy C-means techniques are carried out; clustering performance is assessed by the Silhouette Index (SI). The performance of the proposed method is compared with a greedy variable selection method, the “leave one variable out at a time” approach, in terms of clustering quality, percent of retained variables, and computational time. When applied to Viagra ATR-FTIR data, our propositions increased the average SI from 0.5307 to 0.8603 using 0.61% of the original 661 wavenumbers; as for Cialis ATR-FTIR data, clustering quality increased from 0.7548 to 0.8681 when 1.21% of the original wavenumbers were retained in the procedure. The retained wavenumbers, located in the 1091-1046 cm− 1 region, comprise the lactose typically hailed as key substance to discriminate between authentic and counterfeit samples.