Male mating behaviour in relation to female sexual swellings, socio-sexual behaviour and hormonal changes in wild Barbary macaques

► Barbary macaque male mating was concentrated around the fertile phase. ► Male mating frequency increased in line with female socio-sexual behaviour. ► Males utilise information from female behaviour, swelling size, and hormonal cues. ► But invest equally in mating during fertile and non-fertile max-swelling phases ► This is costly to males as females are infertile during gestation swelling periods.