Fortifications at Idnakar Settlement: The Findings of Interdisciplinary Research

The study presents the results of multidisciplinary archaeological and geophysical studies of three fortification lines at Idnakar settlement located in the Kama region (9th–13th centuries). Details of the shape and construction of embankments in each fortification line are identified. The gradual expansion of the site via the construction of new fortification lines and their repeated reinforcement testify to the intense development of production capacity, population growth, and the enhancement of the social system. The emergence of fortified settlements in the Kama region alongside those in Volga Bulgaria and Russia represents part of the urbanization process of Eastern Europe.