Assessing the effects of geomorphological processes on archaeological densities: a GIS case study on Zakynthos Island, Greece

While geomorphological processes are considered key factors in the distribution of archaeological surface finds, few studies have attempted to quantify the relationship between artefact dispersal and erosional/depositional patterns. This paper compares Unit Stream Power Erosion Deposition model (USPED) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and integrates the results in the archaeological finds’ density map of Zakynthos Archaeological Project. The study area (Palaiokastro), with artefacts dated from middle Paleolithic to medieval times, includes a steep terrain with a surrounding plain area, where the downslope erosion has considerably modified the distribution of archaeological remains. Through this study, it is possible to identify relationships between high artefact densities and stable/non-eroded surfaces, and on the other hand, low densities and eroded surfaces. However, the results indicate a degree of spatial variability, which modifies the predicted relationship. The consideration of the effects of these temporal and spatial patterns is crucial for developing effective sampling methods and accurately interpreting the archaeological record.

► In this study we evaluate the results of two geomorphological simulation models. ► The results are compared to the surface finds of the Zakynthos Archaeology Project. ► We conclude that USPED gives accurate results in a dynamic Mediterranean landscape. ► Through this study inferences on interpretations of surface finds are made. ► Issues on the preservation and visibility of archaeological record are discussed.