Removal of a cationic bisbiguanide using Functionalized Activated Carbons (FACs)

Functionalized Granular Activated Carbons (FACs) are used as adsorbents for treating pharmaceutical wastewaters containing Chlorhexidine Gluconate. Chemical modifications of Granular Activated Carbons (GACs) using functionalizing agents like HCl and HF produce FACs. The adsorption capacity of each of FAC-HCl and FAC-HF is found to be higher than GAC. The modelled maximum adsorption capacity for FAC-HCl is 1.02 g/g of adsorbent, 3.49 g/g of adsorbent for FAC-HF and 0.0682 g/g of adsorbent for GAC. This is mainly due to the additional chemisorptions by surface complexation at the functionalized surface sites of the modified GACs. This is also supported by the well-known pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Formation of surface complexes with the functional groups and weakly polar Chlorhexidine Gluconate is well supported by the physical characterization using Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), Brunner-Emmett-Teller (BET) test and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis after adsorption. The adsorption capacity of GAC and the FACs increases in the order of FAC-HF > FAC-HCl > GAC conforming to the proportion of the total acidity of the carbon surfaces. Intra-particle diffusion is not the sole rate-controlling factor. An agreement to pseudo-second-order kinetic model, Elovich kinetic model and Boyd's film diffusion model proves that chemisorption is the rate-controlling parameter in this adsorption study.