Robotic application of a dynamic resultant force vector using real-time load-control: Simulation of an ideal follower load on Cadaveric L4-L5 segments

The robotically coordinated Cartesian load controlled testing system demonstrated robust real-time load-control that permitted application of a real-time dynamic non-zero load vector during flexion-extension. For single MSU investigations the methodology has potential to overcome conventional follower load limitations, most notably via application outside the sagittal plane. This methodology holds promise for future work aimed at reducing the gap between current in-vitro testing and in-vivo circumstances.