Schema therapy for borderline personality disorder: A comprehensive review of its empirical foundations, effectiveness and implementation possibilities

► Offers both theoretical description and empirical review of the schema model for BPD. ► Evidence exists for a number of schema constructs and mechanisms. ► The extant efficacy studies show positive outcomes of schema therapy for BPD. ► Schema therapy seems a societal cost-effective approach. ► Further work is required to achieve full empirical support of the model and therapy.