Non-alignment in footing, intentionality and dissent in talk about immigrants in Italy

► I reconsider the concept of alignment in footing as separate from stancetaking. ► I distinguish two ways of managing non-alignment in interaction: as misalignment or as disalignment. ► Non-alignment can be used as an argumentative strategy or to veil stances. ► Non-alignment can undermine the assumption that a certain statement (e.g. about “race”) is a commonly held truth. ► A personalizing ideology vis-à-vis intentions can be deployed to dissent from racializing discourse.