Vulnerability of indigenous health to climate change: A case study of Uganda's Batwa Pygmies

► Despite recognized vulnerabilities, there is an Indigenous peoples 'vulnerability deficit' in the climate change literature. ► We present a case-study of Indigenous health vulnerability for two Ugandan Batwa Pygmy communities. ► Batwa community vulnerability is largely driven by socioeconomic conditions which create high sensitivity to climate change and constrain adaptive capacity. ► Adaptation funding and interventions should address socioeconomic disparities. ► Entry points for adaptation include land security, economic self-sufficiency, promotion of Indigenous Knowledge, and support for agricultural knowledge.