Revisiting the immigrant paradox in reproductive health: The roles of duration of residence and ethnicity

► We studied the healthy migrant effect and the immigrant paradox according to women's ethnicity and time living in Canada. ► The healthy migrant hypothesis and the immigrant paradox have limited generalisability in reproductive health indicators. ► These hypotheses should be regarded as outcome-specific and dependent on immigrants' ethnicity and time living in Canada. ► Favourable reproductive health indicators were observed among recent immigrants but not among long-term immigrants. ► Canadian-born women of non-European ethnicity had poorer reproductive outcomes than their European-origin counterparts.