Not all baselines are created equal: A Q methodology analysis of stakeholder perspectives of additionality in a carbon forestry offset project in Costa Rica

► Radically different conceptions of offset goals between some actors. ► Some pragmatic middle ground shared by diverse actors. ► Scientifically reductive views of land use correlated with reductive understandings of offset goals. ► Actors who viewed complex cultural factors as driving land use had negative views of offsets. ► Disagreement about land use and offsets did not preclude policy cooperation.