Vulnerabilities, competition and rights in a context of climate change toward equitable water governance in Peru's Rio Santa Valley

► Glacial retreat is aggravating water competition in the Santa Valley. ► Competition occurs among economic actors, jurisdictions, up- and down-stream users. ► Competition, inequitable water governance deepens vulnerability of highland farmers, urban poor. ► Peru's water regime offers few spaces to protect rights or enhance equity. ► Achieving water equity will require inclusive water user coalitions.