Evaluation of Different Quantitative Approaches for the Determination of Noneasily Ionizable Molecules by Different Atmospheric Pressure Interfaces Used in Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Abamectin as Case of Study

The liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy residue determination of compounds without any acidic or basic centers such as abamectin has been investigated. Several approaches regarding the interface used and adduct formation have been compared. The low acidity of the hydroxyl groups only made deprotonation feasible using the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface. To obtain sufficient sensitivity for residue analysis, the Ion Sabre APCI interface was necessary. However, the sensitivity attained was lower than for monitoring adducts in positive ion mode. Using electrospray ionization, different adducts with Na+, NH4+, and Li+ were tested and compared. The best results were obtained for the ammoniated adduct in electrospray ionization (ESI) because of its high sensitivity and the presence of several product ions with similar abundance. The highest sensitivity was reached using an in-source fragment as precursor ion, leading to a limit of detection (LOD) of 2 μg/L with low relative standard deviation. The relatively high abundance of other transitions allowed abamectin confirmation at concentrations close to the LOD (6 μg/L). Alkali ions were found to be a suitable alternative to determine and confirm abamectin at residue levels. The [M + Na]+ also presented various product ions with similar abundance, which allowed confirmation at LOD levels. However, this LOD was found to be almost four times higher than with [M + NH4]+ because of the poor sensitivity of the transitions obtained. Although the use of Li+ facilitated the fragmentation of the adduct [M + Li]+, with similar sensitivity to [M + NH4]+, this fragmentation preferentially generated only one product ion, which did not allow confirmation at concentration levels lower than 15 μg/L. The use of APCI for monitoring adducts was also feasible, but with less sensitivity. The sensitivity increased with the Ion Sabre APCI, although it was still five times lower than with ESI. Other adduct formers such as Co2+ and Ni2+ also were tested with unsatisfactory results.