Surface electrochemical impedance in situ monitoring of cell-cultured titanium with a nano-network surface layer

A TiO2 layer with a nano-network size under 100 nm was developed on titanium (Ti) substrate using galvanodynamic anodization treatment. The network-structured TiO2 layer on Ti substrate showed a higher (1.8-3.8 times) electrochemical impedance (2-4.7 × 106 Ω cm2) and better cell spreading, namely better biocompatibility, than the untreated Ti surface.