Synthesis of bulk nanostructured Ni, Ti and Zr by repeated cold-rolling

Macroscopic nanocrystalline samples of Ti, Ni and Zr with average grain sizes well below 80 nm have been synthesized at ambient temperature by repeated cold-rolling. For pure Ni, macroscopic samples with an average grain size of 10 nm could be synthesized without simultaneous application of a high hydrostatic pressure.