Outflow channels with deltaic deposits in Ismenius Lacus, Mars

A connected series of outflow channels in the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle are identified for the first time and characterized using High Resolution Stereo Camera images of Mars Express, the Context camera images of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and the topography of the Mars Observer Laser Altimeter. These channels (named Okavango Valles), which stretch over >400 km south to north and join the northern plains, were identified from braided channels, scour/groove marks, poorly sinuous valleys and depositional landforms. Discharge rates were estimated to 0.1-5 × 106 m3 s−1 from analysis of the topography of scour marks. Pathways of channels segments were extracted from topography showing a unique source at a breached crater rim, suggesting overflow from ponded depressions. A series of delta fans are observed inside depressions along the channel pathways. The presence of these deltas formed in former bodies of water is a compelling argument for formation of this outflow channel system by fluvial flows. The similarity of these flows with other outflow channels on Mars proves that volcanically-related outflows cannot explain all such features. In addition, this study also shows that catastrophic floods are able to create fan deltas in transient lakes. This example has to be taken into account in the interpretation of late stage fans associated with poorly branched valleys and single channels.