Microenvironment-evoked cell lineage conversion: Shifting the focus from internal reprogramming to external forcing

► The evolution and fundamental insights of reprogramming and microenvironment direction applied for cell lineage conversion are briefly described. ► The current limitations and challenges in both strategies, as well as the orchestral interplay between them are analyzed more generally. ► Future directions for lineage conversion and their potential clinical uses are presented and discussed. ► Microenvironment-evoked lineage conversion, not reprogramming, is concluded to be the shifting focus in regenerative medicine, due to its relatively slight safety and technical issues.