System interactions in socio-technical transitions: Extending the multi-level perspective

•Review of 13 existing transition case studies from the literature.•Introduction of the multi system interactions concept based on the cases reviewed.•Presentation of two additional multi system cases following the MLP.•Proposal of an additional transition type based on the concept of system interactions and the cases reviewed.•Extension of the Multi Level Perspective towards a multi system transition framework.

This paper discusses contextual issues in sociotechnical systems and transitions under the Multi Level Perspective (MLP). It emphasises inter system interactions, for which a typology is developed drawing on a review and meta level analysis of published transition case studies. The typology is subsequently associated to the MLP transitions pathways. A novel transition pathway, is derived through this process, namely new system emergence, for systems that emerge from contributions of existing antecedent sociotechnical systems.