Tracking erythroid progenitor cells in times of need and times of plenty

Red blood cell production rates increase rapidly following blood loss or hemolysis, but the expansion of erythropoiesis in these anemic states is tightly regulated such that rebound polycythemia does not occur. The erythroid cells that respond to erythropoietic stimulation or suppression are the progenitor stages of burst-forming units-erythroid (BFU-Es) and colony-forming units-erythroid (CFU-Es). Results from an early study of the changes in the size, location, and cell cycling status of BFU-E and CFU-E populations in mice under normal conditions, erythropoietic stimulation, and erythropoietic suppression are used as reference points to review subsequent developments related to erythroid progenitor populations and regulation of their size. The review concerns development of erythroid progenitor populations mainly in mice and humans, with a focus on the mechanisms related to the rapid but highly regulated expansion of erythropoiesis in spleens of erythropoietically stimulated mice. Current knowledge is used as a model of erythroid progenitor populations in mice under normal, erythropoietically suppressed, and erythropoietically stimulated conditions. Clinical applications of information learned from studies of erythropoietic expansion, in terms of current therapies for anemia, are reviewed.