Two-photon microscopic analysis of acetylcholine-induced mucus secretion in guinea pig nasal glands

The spatiotemporal changes in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) as well as fluid secretion and exocytosis induced by acetylcholine (ACh) in intact acini of guinea pig nasal glands were investigated by two-photon excitation imaging. Cross-sectional images of acini loaded with the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fura-2 revealed that the ACh-evoked increase in [Ca2+]i was immediate and spread from the apical region (the secretory pole) of acinar cells to the basal region. Immersion of acini in a solution containing a fluorescent polar tracer, sulforhodamine B (SRB), revealed that fluid secretion, detected as a rapid disappearance of SRB fluorescence from the extracellular space, occurred exclusively in the luminal region and was accompanied by a reduction in acinar cell volume. Individual exocytic events were also visualized with SRB as the formation of Ω-shaped profiles at the apical membrane. In contrast to the rapidity of fluid secretion, exocytosis of secretory granules occurred with a delay of ∼70 s relative to the increase in [Ca2+]i. Exocytic events also occurred deep within the cytoplasm in a sequential manner with the latency of secondary exocytosis being greatly reduced compared with that of primary exocytosis. The delay in sequential compound exocytosis relative to fluid secretion may be important for release of the viscous contents of secretory granules into the nasal cavity.