3D shortcuts to gene regulation

Recent technologies have allowed high-resolution genome-wide binding profiles of numerous transcription factors and other proteins. A widespread observation has emerged from studies in diverse mammalian systems: most binding events are located at great distances from gene promoters. It is becoming apparent that the traditional one-dimensional view of gene regulation via the proximal cis regulatory elements is over-simplified. True proximity and functional relevance can be revealed by studying the three-dimensional structure of the genome packaged inside the nucleus. Thus the spatial architecture of the genome has attracted a lot of interest and has intensified its significance in modern cell biology. Here we discuss current methods, concepts, and controversies in this rapidly evolving field.