Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
10930040 | Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews | 2015 | 13 Pages |
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disorder of the arteries, is responsible for most deaths in westernized societies with numbers increasing at a marked rate in developing countries. The disease is initiated by the activation of the endothelium by various risk factors leading to chemokine-mediated recruitment of immune cells. The uptake of modified lipoproteins by macrophages along with defective cholesterol efflux gives rise to foam cells associated with the fatty streak in the early phase of the disease. As the disease progresses, complex fibrotic plaques are produced as a result of lysis of foam cells, migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and continued inflammatory response. Such plaques are stabilized by the extracellular matrix produced by smooth muscle cells and destabilized by matrix metalloproteinase from macrophages. Rupture of unstable plaques and subsequent thrombosis leads to clinical complications such as myocardial infarction. Cytokines are involved in all stages of atherosclerosis and have a profound influence on the pathogenesis of this disease. This review will describe our current understanding of the roles of different cytokines in atherosclerosis together with therapeutic approaches aimed at manipulating their actions.
Keywords
ECMABCMMPNODICAM-1ERKLDLReNOSDCsTLRIL-1RATGFGM-CSFNPCPRRBMTCCR2ADRPNLRIL-18 binding proteinRCTSOCST-helperVCAM-1TregsPECAM-1NLRP3SMCsM-CSFLXRTWEAKSREBPFn14fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14oxLDLGDF-15CANTOSTL1AmmLDLIL-18BPMinimally modified LDLVLA4ACAT-1TNFLFA1NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3adipocyte differentiation related proteinnatural killerVery late antigen 4ECsOxidized LDLmicro RNAROSStat1AtherosclerosisIL-1 receptor antagonistlymphocyte function-associated antigen 1apoapolipoproteininflammationinterferonIFNinterleukinPAIplasminogen activator inhibitorcardiovascular diseasetransforming growth factorToll-like receptornucleotide-binding oligomerization domainCVDTIMPsuppressor of cytokine signalingDendritic cellsSmooth muscle cellsEndothelial cellsRegulatory T cellsendothelial nitric oxide synthaseCytokinesendoplasmic reticulumMIFTissue factorgrowth differentiation factor-15Macrophage migration inhibitory factorColony-stimulating factorgranulocyte colony-stimulating factorG-CSFtumor necrosis factorsignal transducer and activator of transcription-1TRAILLow-density lipoproteinLDLTNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligandExtracellular matrixmatrix metalloproteinasemacrophage-colony stimulating factorgranulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factorCSFMHCmajor histocompatibility complexTissue inhibitor of metalloproteinasesintercellular adhesion molecule-1platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1vascular cell adhesion molecule-1MiRNAlightwild typesterol response element binding proteinBone marrow transplantationChemokinesreverse cholesterol transportATP-binding cassetteextracellular signal-regulated kinaseReactive oxygen speciesNod-like receptorpattern recognition receptorchemokine receptorLow-density lipoprotein receptorScavenger receptorLiver X receptors
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Authors
Dipak P. Ramji, Thomas S. Davies,