Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
10930083 | Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews | 2014 | 12 Pages |
Abstract
Retroviruses can selectively trigger an array of innate immune responses through various PRR. The identification and the characterization of the molecular basis of retroviral DNA sensing by the DNA sensors IFI16 and cGAS has been one of the most exciting developments in viral immunology in recent years. DNA sensing by these cytosolic sensors not only leads to the initiation of the type I interferon (IFN) antiviral response and the induction of the inflammatory response, but also triggers cell death mechanisms including pyroptosis and apoptosis in retrovirus-infected cells, thereby providing important insights into the pathophysiology of chronic retroviral infection. Host restriction factors such as SAMHD1 and Trex1 play important roles in regulating innate immune sensing, and have led to the idea that innate immune defense and host restriction actually converge at different levels to determine the outcome of retroviral infection. In this review, we discuss the sensing of retroviruses by cytosolic DNA sensors, the relevance of host factors during retroviral infection, and the interplay between host factors and the innate antiviral response in different cell types, within the context of two human pathogenic retroviruses - human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and human T cell-leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1).
Keywords
TRIMIFI16dNTPDAICyclophilin ARTIAZTMLVNLRP3TRAFIRFCDK1AIM2CypAMMTVCPSF6EIAVHTLV-1TBK1SIVRIG-IazidothymidineSAMHD1RetrovirusesRNase HISGssDNAMo-DCNF-κBDNA-dependent activator of IFN-regulatory factorsSAM domain and HD domain-containing protein 1CgasdsDNAmRNAMYD88MEFPDCNACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3C-C chemokine receptor type 5Human T-cell leukemia virus-1TREX1dNTPasecyclic GMP-AMP synthaseDDX41AP-1TLRcGAMPAPOBECDNA-PKCXCR4PRRtRNASingle-stranded DNAdouble-stranded DNADNAmessenger RNAStat1deoxyribonucleic acidribonucleic acidRNAtripartite motiftransfer RNAinterferonIFNinterleukinTANK-binding kinase 1Toll-like receptordeoxynucleotide triphosphatereverse transcriptionRibonuclease HDendritic cellsMonocyte-derived dendritic cellplasmacytoid dendritic cellsinterferon regulatory factorTNF receptor associated factornuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cellssignal transducers and activators of transcription 1activating protein-1stimulator of interferon genesmouse embryonic fibroblastC-X-C chemokine receptor type 4STINGHBVDNA-dependent protein kinaseabsent in melanoma 2Equine infectious anemia virusHIV-1Mouse mammary tumor virusMurine leukemia virushuman immunodeficiency virus-1hepatitis B virusSimian immunodeficiency virusmyeloid differentiation primary response gene 88retinoic acid-inducible gene 1interferon-stimulated geneCyclin-dependent kinase 1Glycoproteinpattern recognition receptor
Related Topics
Life Sciences
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Cell Biology
Authors
Nadine van Montfoort, David Olagnier, John Hiscott,