Aromatase up-regulation, insulin and raised intracellular oestrogens in men, induce adiposity, metabolic syndrome and prostate disease, via aberrant ER-α and GPER signalling

► Do raised intracellular oestrogens in men contribute to adversely affect men's health? ► Aromatase in oestrogen-sensitive tissues converts testosterone to oestradiol. ► Stress, poor dietary habits and xeno-oestrogens up-regulate aromatase. ► The resultant raised intracellular oestrogens activate proliferative ER-α and GPER's. ► Aberrant signaling by oestrogens and insulin induce metabolic syndrome and prostate disease in men.