Vessel remodelling, pregnancy hormones and extravillous trophoblast function

► Vessel remodelling in early human pregnancy requires trophoblast invasion. ► hCG, P4 and E2 are all found at high concentrations at the maternal-foetal interface. ► These hormones can control trophoblast movement and thus may regulate remodelling. ► We review the effects of these pregnancy hormones on trophoblast function. ► A role for these hormones in defective remodelling seen in pre-eclampsia is examined.